Solve Climate

What is being built to change how the world makes electricity, heat and materials.

A curve, not a breakthrough Four decades, every doubling, a fifth off Al Dhafra and the 1.35-cent contract Bhadla: 2,245 MW on 14,000 acres What a panel is made of Ten million panels to wash

A curve, not a breakthrough

Every time the world doubled the number of solar panels it had ever built, the next one cost about a fifth less. That held for four decades, through several changes of who was doing the building.

$100$10$1197620002020nowPRICE PER WATTEvery doubling took a fifth offand then it got darkFour decades of manufacturing, not one inventionThe hard part moved to the hours with no sunand cement and steel are still here, the whole way along

Both axes are logarithmic. On linear axes the same figures are a cliff and tell you nothing.

A photovoltaic array running to the horizon across flat dry ground with a single maintenance vehicle for scale, hard midday light
Bhadla, Rajasthan2,245 MW sit on about 14,000 acres of the Thar desert. The panels are the cheapest thing on the site; keeping the glass clean is the operating cost. Bhadla: 2,245 MW on 14,000 acres

Each doubling of cumulative production takes roughly a fifth off the price. Not each year. Each doubling.

Swanson’s Law — a statistical regularity, not a mechanism

What happens after dark

Not proven, and who says so

Direct air capture works at pilot scale and its cost at climate scale is disputed by people with no axe to grind; the disagreement is the story.

A modular air capture unit of fans and ducting on a gravel pad, flat light
Fans and ducting on a gravel pad: the whole plant is an arithmetic problem about how much energy separating a trace gas costs. The energy penalty

Five sections, twenty-two pages